S. Enceinte and . Chu-de-besançon, FemmeMéthodes de conditionnement, préparation et sélection des spermatozoïdes en vue de techniques d'Assistance Médicale à la Procréation (AMP) http://amp-chu-besancon.univfcomte .fr/reprodlab/spermlab/prepa_sperm0.htm 3Les pratiques sexuelles et les risques de transmission spécifiques aux lesbiennesInformations générales sur les pratiques contaminantesLa contraception d'urgence (pilule du lendemain); contraception post-coïtaleContraception : savoir réagir à l'urgence !Sida Info Service

. Unicef, The Comité Consultatif National d'Ethique pour les sciences de la vie et de la santéProblèmes éthiques posés par le désir d'enfant chez les couples où l'homme est séropositif et la femme séronégative Comité Consultatif National d'Ethique pour les sciences de la vie et de la santéL'assistance médicale à la procréation chez les couples présentant un risque de transmission virale -Réflexions sur les responsabilités, Arrêté du 10 mai 2001 modifiant l'arrêté du 12 janvier 1999 relatif aux règles de bonnes pratiques cliniques et biologiques en assistance médicale à la procréation, 1997.

H. Cochin-;-paris-abarzua, F. Nunez, F. Hubinont, C. Bernard, P. Yombi et al., Quelle sexualité pour les séropositifsMon virus, mon sexe et moiDossier SIDAAvis sur le dépistage de l'infection par le VIH au cours de la grossesse et prévention périnatale de la contamination de l'enfantRecommandations de l'OMS/l'ONUSIDA/l'UNICEF sur l'alimentation des nourrissonsQuelle prévention sida pour les lesbiennes ? http://www.actupparis.org/article969.html 21Couples et VIH http://www.actupparis.org/article1696.html 22LOI n° 2004-800 du 6 août 2004 relative à la bioéthique -NOR: SANX0100053L." http://www.fivfrance.com/page_zoom_loi2004L'OMS publie de nouveaux principes directeurs sur la prévention de la transmission mère-enfant du VIH http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releasesAntiretroviral Drugs for Treating Pregnant Women and Preventing HIV Infection in InfantsL'évaluation et le traitement du nourrisson exposé au virus d'immunodéficience humaine de type 1Actualités en épidémiologie sur le VIH/sidaA Guide to the Clinical Care of Women with HIVLévonorgestrel et contraception d'urgencePrise en charge thérapeutique des personnes infectées par le VIH-Rapport 2004-Recommandations du groupe d'expertsSexualité et procréation face aux risques du SIDA : permanences et adaptations dans les pays fortement touchés par l'épidémieTransmission materno-foetale du VIHL'infection à VIH de l'enfantActualités 2004 sur VIH et grossesseInsémination et FIV chez les couples à risque viralPrévention de la transmission du vih/sida de la mère à l'enfant Recommandations du groupe d'expertsMaternal viral load and vertical transmission of HIV-1: an important factor but not the only one. The European Collaborative StudyLes traitements de l'infertilité MasculineDuration of ruptured membranes and vertical transmission of HIV-1: a metaanalysis from 15 prospective cohort studiesInfection à VIH et SIDAHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in pregnancy: antiretroviral treatment (ART) and mode of delivery, Quels sont les cas de stérilité qui peuvent être traités par AMPPersonnes atteintes par le VHC et par le VIH Effet secondaire fatal pour un spermicide antisidaPrise en charge des personnes infectées par le VIH (Recommandations du groupe d'experts). Sous la direction du Professeur Jean-François Delfraissy. Rapport UNAIDS : Approche fondée sur les droits de la personne pour réduire la vulnérabilité des femmes au VIH/sidaPrise en charge médicale des personnes infectées par le VIH. RapportLes différentes techniques de Procréation Médicalement Assistée et aspects médicaux associésWHO/CONRAD technical consultation on nonoxynol-9, pp.41-1377, 1999.

W. Andiman, Transmission of HIV-1 from mother to infant, Current Opinion in Pediatrics, vol.14, issue.1, pp.78-85, 2002.
DOI : 10.1097/00008480-200202000-00014

E. Arend, The Politics of Invisibility: HIV-Positive Women Who Have Sex with Women and Their Struggle for Support, Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS care, vol.14, issue.6, pp.37-4761, 2003.
DOI : 10.1177/1055329003252876

M. Arroyo, H. Tien, M. Pagan, R. Swanstrom, G. Hillyer et al., Virologic Risk Factors for Vertical Transmission of HIV Type 1 in Puerto Rico, AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, vol.18, issue.6, pp.447-60, 2002.
DOI : 10.1089/088922202753614218

. Barrett, Assistance médicale à ma procréationFemale condoms, Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care, vol.2, issue.2, pp.113-119, 1997.

P. Brennan-benson, M. Pakianathan, P. Rice, S. Bonora, R. Chakraborty et al., Enfurvitide prevents vertical transmission of multidrug-resistant HIV-1 in pregnancy but does not cross the placenta, AIDS, vol.20, issue.2, pp.297-299, 2006.
DOI : 10.1097/01.aids.0000200535.02232.1b

R. Bunnell, J. Ekwaru, P. Solberg, N. Wamai, W. Bikaako-kajura et al., Changes in sexual behavior and risk of HIV transmission after antiretroviral therapy and prevention interventions in rural Uganda, AIDS, vol.20, issue.1, pp.85-92, 2006.
DOI : 10.1097/01.aids.0000196566.40702.28

C. Casalini, L. Signorini, A. Beltrame, A. Matteelli, and G. Carosi, Vertical trasmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other sexually transmitted infections (STI), Minerva Ginecol, vol.53, issue.3, pp.177-92, 2001.

C. Catassi, A. Bonucci, G. Coppa, A. Carlucci, and P. Giorgi, Intestinal Permeability. Changes during the First Month, Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, vol.21, issue.4, pp.383-389, 1995.
DOI : 10.1097/00005176-199511000-00003

W. Cates, J. Mitchell, H. Stephens, and E. , Review of Non-hormonal Contraception (Condoms, Intrauterine Devices, Nonoxynol-9 and Combos) on HIV Acquisition, JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, vol.38, issue.Supplement 1, pp.8-10, 2005.
DOI : 10.1097/01.qai.0000167025.87783.31

D. Chan, S. Cheung, A. Gray, A. Ip, and B. Lee, Identifying the psychosocial correlates of condom use by female sex workers in Hong Kong, AIDS Care, vol.5, issue.4, pp.530-539, 2004.
DOI : 10.1080/08870440108405516

C. Chouquet, S. Richardson, M. Burgard, S. Blanche, M. Mayaux et al., Timing of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmission from mother to child: Bayesian estimation using a mixture, Statistics in Medicine, vol.11, issue.7, pp.815-848, 1999.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19990415)18:7<815::AID-SIM74>3.0.CO;2-G

D. Cohan, Perinatal HIV: special considerations, Top HIV Med, vol.11, issue.6, pp.200-213, 2003.

A. Coutsoudis, Breastfeeding and HIV, Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, vol.19, issue.2, pp.185-96, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2004.10.006
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00410684

A. Coutsoudis, Breastfeeding and the HIV positive mother: the debate continues, Early Human Development, vol.81, issue.1, pp.87-93, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2004.10.010

H. Delmotte, Sida et grossesse : quelles stratégies, pp.35-37, 2004.

S. Deuffic-burban, J. Wong, A. Valleron, D. Costagliola, J. Delfraissy et al., Comparing the public health burden of chronic hepatitis C and HIV infection in France, Journal of Hepatology, vol.40, issue.2, pp.319-345, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jhep.2003.10.018

T. Diaz, B. Schable, and C. Sy, Relationship Between Use of Condoms and Other Forms of Contraception Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Women, Obstetrics & Gynecology, vol.86, issue.2, pp.277-82, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0029-7844(95)00144-G

R. Dickover, E. Garratty, S. Herman, M. Sim, S. Plaeger et al., Identification of levels of maternal HIV-1 RNA associated with risk of perinatal transmission. Effect of maternal zidovudine treatment on viral load, JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol.275, issue.8, pp.599-605, 1996.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.275.8.599

D. Dunn, M. Newell, A. Ades, and C. Peckham, Risk of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission through breastfeeding, The Lancet, vol.340, issue.8819, pp.585-593, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0140-6736(92)92115-V

A. Duran, S. Ivalo, A. Hakim, F. Masciottra, R. Zlatkes et al., Prevention of mother to child HIV transmission, Medicina (B Aires), vol.66, issue.1, pp.24-30, 2006.

E. Beitune, P. Duarte, G. Quintana, S. Figueiro-filho, E. Marcolin et al., Antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy and early neonatal life: consequences for HIV-exposed, uninfected children, Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.8, issue.2, pp.140-50, 2004.
DOI : 10.1590/S1413-86702004000200004

S. Fishman and E. Anderson, Perception of HIV and Safer Sexual Behaviors among Lesbians, Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS care, vol.14, issue.6, pp.48-55, 2003.
DOI : 10.1177/1055329003255591

E. Florence, W. Schrooten, C. Dreezen, V. Gordillo, N. Schonnesson et al., Prevalence and factors associated with sexual dysfunction among HIV-positive women in Europe, AIDS Care, vol.16, issue.5, pp.550-557, 2004.
DOI : 10.1080/09540120410001716333

P. Gaillard, M. Fowler, F. Dabis, H. Coovadia, C. Van-der-horst et al., Use of Antiretroviral Drugs to Prevent HIV-1 Transmission Through Breast-feeding: From Animal Studies to Randomized Clinical Trials, JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, vol.35, issue.2, pp.178-87, 2004.
DOI : 10.1097/00126334-200402010-00013

P. Garcia, L. Kalish, J. Pitt, H. Minkoff, T. Quinn et al., Maternal Levels of Plasma Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA and the Risk of Perinatal Transmission, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.341, issue.6, pp.394-402, 1999.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJM199908053410602

C. Gilling-smith, HIV prevention Assisted reproduction in HIV-discordant couples, AIDS Read, vol.10, issue.10, pp.581-588, 2000.

J. Ioannidis, E. Abrams, A. Ammann, M. Bulterys, J. Goedert et al., Perinatal Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 by Pregnant Women with RNA Virus Loads <1000 Copies/mL, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.183, issue.4, pp.539-584, 2001.
DOI : 10.1086/318530

J. Johnson, J. Li, L. Morris, N. Martinson, G. Gray et al., Emergence of Drug???Resistant HIV???1 after Intrapartum Administration of Single???Dose Nevirapine Is Substantially Underestimated, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.192, issue.1, pp.16-23, 2005.
DOI : 10.1086/430741

S. Joy, M. Poi, L. Hughes, M. Brady, S. Koletar et al., Third-Trimester Maternal Toxicity With Nevirapine Use in Pregnancy, Obstetrics & Gynecology, vol.106, issue.5, Part 1, pp.1032-1040, 2005.
DOI : 10.1097/01.AOG.0000180182.00072.e3

P. Kamara, L. Melendez-guerrero, M. Arroyo, H. Weiss, and P. Jolly, Maternal plasma viral load and neutralizing/enhancing antibodies in vertical transmission of HIV: A non-randomized prospective study, Virology Journal, vol.2, issue.1, p.15, 2005.
DOI : 10.1186/1743-422X-2-15

L. Kamemoto, B. Shiramizu, and M. Gerschenson, HIV-associated mitochondrial toxicity in pregnancy, Mitochondrion, vol.4, issue.2-3, pp.153-62, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.mito.2004.05.011

S. Kapiga, J. Shao, G. Lwihula, and D. Hunter, Risk factors for HIV infection among women in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, vol.7, issue.3, pp.301-310, 1994.

J. Klein, J. Pena, M. Thornton, and M. Sauer, Understanding the Motivations, Concerns, and Desires of Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1???Serodiscordant Couples Wishing to Have Children Through Assisted Reproduction, Obstetrics & Gynecology, vol.101, issue.5, Part 1, pp.987-94, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0029-7844(03)00012-7

A. Koh, C. Gomez, S. Shade, and E. Rowley, Sexual Risk Factors Among Self-Identified Lesbians, Bisexual Women, and Heterosexual Women Accessing Primary Care Settings, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, vol.32, issue.9, pp.563-572, 2005.
DOI : 10.1097/01.olq.0000175417.17078.21

R. Kumar, D. Rizk, and A. Khurrana, AIDS in pregnancy among Indian tribal women, International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, vol.15, issue.1, pp.59-60, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0020-7292(96)02783-X

S. Lockman, R. Shapiro, L. Smeaton, C. Wester, I. Thior et al., Response to Antiretroviral Therapy after a Single, Peripartum Dose of Nevirapine, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.356, issue.2, pp.135-182, 2007.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa062876

K. Macdonald, J. Embree, S. Njenga, N. Nagelkerke, I. Ngatia et al., Mother???Child Class I HLA Concordance Increases Perinatal Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Transmission, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.177, issue.3, pp.551-557, 1998.
DOI : 10.1086/514243

J. Mcintyre, Strategies to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV, Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases, vol.19, issue.1, pp.33-41, 2006.
DOI : 10.1097/01.qco.0000200290.99790.72

L. Mencaglia, P. Falcone, G. Lentini, S. Consigli, M. Pisoni et al., ICSI for treatment of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus-serodiscordant couples with infected male partner, Human Reproduction, vol.20, issue.8, pp.2242-2248, 2005.
DOI : 10.1093/humrep/dei031

S. Miller, N. Santoro, Y. Lo, A. Howard, J. Arnsten et al., Menopause symptoms in HIV-infected and drug-using women, Menopause, vol.12, issue.3, pp.348-56, 2005.
DOI : 10.1097/01.GME.0000141981.88782.38

H. Mitchell and E. Stephens, Contraception choice for HIV positive women, Sexually Transmitted Infections, vol.80, issue.3, pp.167-73, 2004.
DOI : 10.1136/sti.2003.008441
URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1744846

M. Montano, M. Russell, P. Gilbert, I. Thior, S. Lockman et al., Comparative Prediction of Perinatal Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Transmission, Using Multiple Virus Load Markers, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.188, issue.3, pp.406-419, 2003.
DOI : 10.1086/376838

J. Moodley and D. Moodley, Management of human immunodeficiency virus infection in pregnancy, Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, vol.19, issue.2, pp.169-83, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2004.10.007

A. Morris, A. Dobles, S. Cu-uvin, C. Zorrilla, J. Anderson et al., Protease Inhibitor Use in 233 Pregnancies, JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, vol.40, issue.1, pp.30-33, 2005.
DOI : 10.1097/01.qai.0000174651.40782.95

L. Morris, C. Pillay, C. Chezzi, P. Lupondwana, M. Ntsala et al., Low frequency of the V106M mutation among HIV-1 subtype C-infected pregnant women exposed to nevirapine, AIDS, vol.17, issue.11, pp.1698-700, 2003.
DOI : 10.1097/00002030-200307250-00017

E. Navas-nacher, J. Read, R. Leighty, R. Tuomala, C. Zorrilla et al., Mode of delivery and postpartum HIV-1 disease progression: The Women and Infants Transmission Study, AIDS, vol.20, issue.3, pp.429-465, 2006.
DOI : 10.1097/01.aids.0000206506.47277.e7

R. Nduati, G. John, D. Mbori-ngacha, B. Richardson, J. Overbaugh et al., Effect of Breastfeeding and Formula Feeding on Transmission of HIV-1, JAMA, vol.283, issue.9, pp.1167-74, 2000.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.283.9.1167

M. Newell, Current issues in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 infection, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol.100, issue.1, pp.1-5, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.trstmh.2005.05.012

J. Ohl, M. Partisani, C. Wittemer, M. Schmitt, C. Cranz et al., Assisted reproduction techniques for HIV serodiscordant couples: 18 months of experience, Human Reproduction, vol.18, issue.6, pp.1244-1253, 2003.
DOI : 10.1093/humrep/deg258

D. Patel, C. Thorne, S. Fiore, and M. Newell, Does Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Increase the Risk of Congenital Abnormalities in HIV-Infected Women?, JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, vol.40, issue.1, pp.116-124, 2005.
DOI : 10.1097/01.qai.0000156854.99769.a5

K. Petry, HIV and pregnancy, MMW Fortschr Med, vol.147, issue.1, pp.63-68, 2005.

A. Polycarpou, C. Ntais, B. Korber, H. Elrich, R. Winchester et al., Association between Maternal and Infant Class I and II HLA Alleles and of Their Concordance with the Risk of Perinatal HIV Type 1 Transmission, AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, vol.18, issue.11, pp.741-747, 2002.
DOI : 10.1089/08892220260139477

J. Quian, A. Visconti, S. Gutierrez, A. Galli, M. Maturo et al., Detection of HIV infection in pregnant women by rapid testing: a successful strategy to reduce its vertical transmission, Rev Chilena Infectol, vol.22, issue.4, pp.321-327, 2005.

A. Rodrigues, P. Faucher, A. Batallan, L. Allal, S. Legac et al., Mode of delivery of HIV-infected women: a retrospective study of 358 pregnancies followed in the same hospital between, Gynecol Obstet Fertil, 2000.

C. Rouzioux, D. Costagliola, M. Burgard, S. Blanche, M. Mayaux et al., Estimated Timing of Mother-to-Child Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Transmission by Use of a Markov Model, American Journal of Epidemiology, vol.142, issue.12, pp.1330-1337, 1995.
DOI : 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117601

M. Sauer, Sperm washing techniques address the fertility needs of HIV-seropositive men: a clinical review, Reproductive BioMedicine Online, vol.10, issue.1, pp.135-175, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/S1472-6483(10)60815-2

E. Schoenbaum, D. Hartel, Y. Lo, A. Howard, M. Floris-moore et al., HIV Infection, Drug Use, and Onset of Natural Menopause, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.41, issue.10, pp.1517-1541, 2005.
DOI : 10.1086/497270

I. Shah, Is Elective Caesarian Section Really Essential for Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV in the Era of Antiretroviral Therapy and Abstinence of Breast Feeding?, Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, vol.52, issue.3, 2006.
DOI : 10.1093/tropej/fml014

A. Shetty, Perinatally Acquired HIV-1 Infection: Prevention and Evaluation of HIV-Exposed Infants, Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases, vol.16, issue.4, pp.282-95, 2005.
DOI : 10.1053/j.spid.2005.06.008

. Smith, The controversies of nevirapine for preventing mother-to-child HIV transmission, AIDS, vol.20, issue.2, 2005.
DOI : 10.1097/01.aids.0000198095.00820.82

D. Sofer, 15th International AIDS Conference, Am J Nurs, vol.104, issue.10, pp.20-21, 2004.

J. Stephenson, Systematic review of hormonal contraception and risk of HIV transmission, AIDS, vol.12, issue.6, pp.545-53, 1998.
DOI : 10.1097/00002030-199806000-00002

P. Stevens and J. Hall, Sexuality and Safer Sex: The Issues for Lesbians and Bisexual Women, Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing, vol.30, issue.4, pp.439-486, 2001.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1552-6909.2001.tb01563.x

A. Suy, E. Martinez, O. Coll, M. Lonca, M. Palacio et al., Increased risk of pre-eclampsia and fetal death in HIV-infected pregnant women receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy, AIDS, vol.20, issue.1, pp.59-66, 2006.
DOI : 10.1097/01.aids.0000198090.70325.bd

D. Thea, R. Steketee, V. Pliner, K. Bornschlegel, T. Brown et al., The effect of maternal viral load on the risk of perinatal transmission of HIV-1. New York City Perinatal HIV Transmission Collaborative Study Group, Heagarty M and Kalish ML Aids, vol.11, issue.4, pp.437-481, 1997.

P. Tovo, N. Chiapello, C. Gabiano, M. Zeviani, and M. Spada, Zidovudine administration during pregnancy and mitochondrial disease in the offspring, Antivir Ther, vol.10, issue.6, pp.697-706, 2005.

L. Van-damme, G. Ramjee, M. Alary, B. Vuylsteke, V. Chandeying et al., Effectiveness of COL-1492, a nonoxynol-9 vaginal gel, on HIV-1 transmission in female sex workers: a randomised controlled trial, The Lancet, vol.360, issue.9338, pp.971-978, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11079-8

P. Vernazza, L. Hollander, A. Semprini, D. Anderson, and A. Duerr, HIV-discordant couples and parenthood: how are we dealing with the risk of transmission?, AIDS, vol.20, issue.4, pp.635-636, 2006.
DOI : 10.1097/01.aids.0000210625.06202.c2